Informed Consent for Sedation Version 2.2Please complete this Consent for Sedation form below. If you have any questions call us on (615) 915-6090. This field is hidden when viewing the formVersion historyv2.2 : Corp Conservative Company (add), 2023-04-03Patient name:(* required) First Last Patient date of birth:(* required)MMMM123456789101112DDDD12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031YYYYYYYY20262025202420232022202120202019201820172016201520142013201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001200019991998199719961995199419931992199119901989198819871986198519841983198219811980197919781977197619751974197319721971197019691968196719661965196419631962196119601959195819571956195519541953195219511950194919481947194619451944194319421941194019391938193719361935193419331932193119301929192819271926192519241923192219211920 Indication and considerations for conscious sedationPatients who are anxious, have dental phobia, or have a strong gag reflex may be ideal candidates to receive mild or moderate conscious sedation at Michael D. Vaughan, D.D.S.. During conscious sedation, the patient will be able to relax long enough to receive necessary treatment while being able to respond to stimulation and maintain his/her own airway as well as protective reflexes. Patients receiving oral or IV conscious sedation will require someone to accompany them to their appointment and to help care for them for a few hours after treatment Sedation typesMinimal (anxiolysis): Reduces anxiety via minimally depressed level of consciousness produced by a pharmacologic method that allows a patient to continue breathing independently and respond to tactile stimulation and verbal commands. Cognitive function may be temporarily impaired during administration, but the airway, breathing, and cardiovascular function remains unaffected. Types: N2O, oral sedation, IM sedation, and/or nitrous in combination. Moderate: Reduces anxiety as well as promotes amnesia via a moderately depressed level of consciousness. Patients may be asleep at times but are able to respond purposefully to verbal commands alone or with light tactile stimulation. Airways are typically unaffected, independent breathing is maintained, and cardiovascular function is usually maintained. Types: oral sedation, IM, and IV sedation with or without nitrous oxide. Deep: Patients are in a deeper state of sedation where they cannot be easily aroused but are able to respond to repeated painful stimuli. Independent breathing may be impaired, and one may have difficulty maintaining a patent airway. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained, and intervention to maintain airway may be required. Most general dentists in Tennessee are unable to provide this deep level of sedation, and patients would require treatment by either a dental anesthesiologist or an oral surgeon. Types: IV sedation. General Anesthesia: Deepest state of sedation where one’s reflexes and airway are both impaired. Intervention to one’s airway is often required, and spontaneous ventilation and cardiovascular function are not adequate. This is not to be considered a part of conscious sedation and is generally confined to hospitals or surgical centers. Types: IV sedation, inhalational anesthesia with required intubation. There are four primary ways that mild or moderate conscious sedation is administered at our Practice: Inhalational gas (nitrous oxide)– either via nasal hood Oral sedation (in the form of syrup or pill) – usually benzodiazepines or alpha-2 agonists are used Intramuscular injection (shot in the arm) – typically an opiate and/or benzodiazepine is used Intravenous sedation (constant IV drip through a vein in arm) - typically benzodiazepines and/or opiates are used Types of Mild and Moderate Conscious Sedation: Nitrous Oxide (N2O): A colorless, slightly sweet gas used to calm mild or moderate anxiety for patients able to breathe through their nose. This is a mild conscious sedation technique, and patients can swallow, talk, and cough as needed throughout the procedure. When inhaled, N2O can induce feelings of euphoria and relaxation. The anesthetic gas is delivered through a nasal mask and is mixed with oxygen in a specific ratio tailored for each patient’s comfort. The patient can expect to feel the effects of the “laughing gas” within a few minutes, and may feel sensations of drowsiness, tingling in extremities, or mild lightheadedness. The effects of the gas are mild, and it is safely and quickly eliminated from the body once it is no longer administered. The patient will be given pure oxygen prior to dismissal to ensure the effects are no longer present in the body. Patients can return to work or drive after receiving treatment under nitrous oxide. Oral Conscious Sedation: Can be administered in either pill or liquid form and is used to reduce moderate or severe fear and anxiety related to dental procedures. Depending on the medication type, it may be obtained either by prescription or dispensed at the office and can be used in combination with nitrous, IM, or IV sedation as needed to achieve desired effects. During oral sedation, one may be sleepy or asleep but easily aroused and will have little or no recollection of the appointment. The patient can continue to respond to simple commands, but will have reduced awareness of unpleasant sights, sounds, and sensations associated with the procedure. Patients will need to be accompanied to the office and cannot return to work or drive after receiving oral conscious sedation. Intramuscular (IM) Sedation: Medication is administered via an injection into a muscular region such as an arm or thigh to reduce moderate or severe fear and anxiety related to dental procedures. Often takes longer to achieve sedation than IV sedation, but is quicker acting than oral sedation and can be used in conjunction with other sedation types. Patients will need to be accompanied to the office and cannot return to work or drive after receiving IM conscious sedation. Intravenous (IV) Sedation: Medication is administered via a slow IV drip in a vein (typically in the hand or arm) to aid with moderate conscious sedation. The use of IV sedation requires advanced training, but is the one of the safest means to titrate medication dosages and achieve immediate effect for an individual. Typically, a benzodiazepine is used alone or in combination with an opioid (see below for medication types). This is the best mode of treatment for lengthy appointments where amnesia and anxiolysis are the desired effects. Patients will need to be accompanied to the office and cannot return to work or drive after receiving IV conscious sedation. For additional information regarding indications, advantages, disadvantages, side effects, risks, and medications utilized, please see info table Sedation medications used at our Practice: Benzodiazepines: used for patients with general anxiety, anxiolytic (relaxation without sleep), amnesia, anticonvulsant, and even sedative effects (minimal anesthesia effects) Midazolam (Versed): Can be administered via liquid syrup taken orally or via IV/IM. The syrup contains a red dye, so please alert the dentist if you have a red dye allergy or adverse effects Triazolam (Halcion): Administered via pill form, benzodiazepine with anxiolytic, sedative, amnesiac effects Diazepam (Valium): Administered via pill form, benzodiazepine with anxiolytic and light sedative effects Lorazepam (Ativan): Administered via pill form, benzodiazepine with anxiolytic and light sedative effects Effects: muscle relaxant, slowed response, response to tactile stimulation, increases threshold for seizures Side effects: decrease in efforts to breathe, lowers blood pressure, causes sleepiness Reversal: If adverse reactions occur, can administer flumazenil (via IV or IM) Opioids: produce morphine-like effects that mimic the actions of endorphins, aiding with anesthesia and causing sedative effects; can be administered in addition to benzodiazepines to aid in “restlessness” and “uncooperativeness” Fentanyl: potent synthetic opioid anesthetic for analgesia and sedation, quick acting Effects: increases pain threshold, decreases reaction to pain, euphoria (pleasure), analgesia without loss of consciousness, drowsiness, sleepiness Side effects: respiratory depression (chest wall stiffness), decreased blood pressure, nausea and vomiting Reversal: If adverse reactions occur, can administer naloxone Caution: should be avoided if patients have history of substance abuse Adrenergic alpha-2 agonists: can be used to aid in relaxation due to ability to decrease blood pressure in addition to sedate via muscle relaxation, oral administration prior to IV sedation can reduce total amount of medication administered Clonidine: typically used to reduce blood pressure and hot flashes, but has also shown positive results alleviating opioid withdrawal Side effect: insomnia (long term), dry mouth, low blood pressure, headache, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension Caution: should not be used for patients with low blood pressure Reversal agents: typically administered via IV (but can also be given via IM or sublingual injection) Flumazenil (Romazicon): reversal agent for benzodiazepines Naloxone (Narcan): reversal agent for opioids Emergency medications: can include but are not limited to antibiotics, antihistamines, and antiarrhythmic agents Sedation info table: Type Nitrous Oxide Oral Sedation IM Sedation IV Sedation Indication mild apprehension, anxiety, reducing awareness, involuntary gagging moderate or severe anxiety/apprehension, gag reflex lack of cooperation or inability to take oral medication or start an IV moderate to severe anxiety or apprehension, severe gag reflex, deeper sedation in safer manner Advantages inexpensive, rapid onset of action, quick elimination (can return to work or drive), can be titrated cost effective, anxiolysis with some amnesia more effective absorption and faster acting than oral meds customized titration, rapid onset of action, vague or minimal recollection Disadvantages cooperation to breathe in gas for maximum effect, may not always produce desired effect inability to titrate effectively (unpredictable), delayed onset of action, delayed effect unable to titrate as effectively as IV, delayed onset of action, needle use, soreness in arm needle, skin irritation at site of catheter (including bruising), cost (additional training and equipment required) Contraindications pregnancy, mouth breathing, nasal obstruction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, untreated B12 deficiency allergy to benzodiazepine, chronic drug use, acute narrow angle glaucoma, pregnancy, severe kidney or liver disease lack of area with adequate muscle mass (muscular atrophy), severe liver or kidney disease pregnancy, obesity, difficult to manage airways, complex medical history, severe liver or kidney disease Medications nitrous oxide and oxygen mostly benzodiazepines either in pill or liquid form, namely Midazolam (Versed), Triazolam (Halcion), Lorazepam (Ativan), Diazepam (Valium), and Alprazolam (Xanax); clonidine (alpha-2 agonist) mainly fentanyl (opioid narcotic), but sometimes midazolam (versed), or reversal agents such as flumazenil and naloxone midazolam usually used in combination with fentanyl Side effects dizziness, nausea, drowsiness (temporary) nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression (in larger doses) Irritation/bruising of skin, nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, irritation/pain or swelling in the skin and veins, respiratory depression Risks (rare) overdose, leading to hypoxia, severe hypotension, unconsciousness must not eat before to avoid aspiration into lungs, breathing problems, cardiac arrest must not eat before to avoid aspiration into lungs, breathing problems, cardiac arrest aspiration into lungs, breathing problems, phlebitis (inflammation of vein), infection, brain damage, cardiac arrest, death Confirmations:Need for limitation of food and drink. I understand that patient must refrain from any food or drink after midnight for a morning appointment. Prior to an afternoon appointment, I understand that the patient will be limited to a light breakfast no later than six hours before treatment time and clear liquids up to three hours before treatment. I also understand that a hydration schedule may be advised for ease of IV placement and instructions on the NPO Order Sheet must be followed. Changes in health. Health conditions are important for the dentist to know, including fevers or a cold. I understand that this information is expected to be conveyed to the dentist at least two days prior to a planned appointment when conscious sedation is possible, and I also understand that if the patient is sick, the appointment will be rescheduled for patient's safety and well-being. Patient companion. I understand that a responsible adult must accompany the patient to the appointment and at the time of discharge. I also understand that the patient may not drive a vehicle, or take a bus or taxi after undergoing IV sedation/anesthesia. Female patients. I understand that anesthesia/medications and drugs may be harmful to an unborn child and may cause birth defects or spontaneous abortion. I understand that the dentist or attending anesthesiologist/anesthetist should be informed of the patient suspected or confirmed pregnancy. Bruising or tenderness of the IV induction. I understand that bruising or tenderness of the IV induction site may occur. Some sedative agents may cause a burning or itching sensation in the wrist or arm during induction. Edema may be caused when excessive IV sedation fluid enters surrounding tissues and may take several days to resolve. Complications due to drugs and anesthesia. I understand that complications due to drugs and anesthesia, which include but are not limited to: tenderness, bruising, nausea, vomiting, swelling, bleeding, infection, numbness, allergic reaction, stroke, and heart attacks. Some of these complications, although rare, may require hospitalization and may even result in death. Allergy. I understand that to the best of my knowledge, the patient is not allergic to any of the aforementioned medications and have notified the Practice of all adverse reactions that the patient has had to local and general anesthesia. Informed Consent. I understand that while the patient is sedated, they will be unable to give informed consent for invasive treatment and have taken the opportunity to understand all necessary treatment prior to sedation. In the event that the patient may need additional treatment such as fillings, crowns, extractions, or root canals performed during sedation, I hereby give permission to the doctor to use his/her best clinical judgment and perform necessary treatment for the patient safety and well-being. Opportunity to ask questions and additional sedation explanation. I have been given the opportunity to ask any questions regarding the necessary treatment as well as the nature and purpose of IV sedation/anesthesia and have received answers to my satisfaction. It has been explained to me that all forms of anesthesia involve some risks and no guarantees or promises can be made concerning the results of my procedure or treatment. Although rare, unexpected severe complications with anesthesia can occur and include the remote possibility of infection, bleeding, drug reactions, blood clots, loss of sensation, loss of limb function, paralysis, stroke, brain damage, heart attack or death. I understand that these risks apply to all forms of anesthesia and that additional or specific risks may apply to a specific type of anesthesia. I understand that the type of anesthesia used for patient's procedure and that the anesthetic technique to be used is determined by many factors including patient's physical condition, the type of procedure the doctor is to do, his or her preference, as well as patient's own desire. It has been explained to me that sometimes an anesthesia technique which involves the use of local anesthetics, with or without sedation and/or general anesthesia, may not succeed completely. I hereby consent to the anesthesia care and authorize that it be administered by Michael D. Vaughan, D.D.S. and Associates and Anesthesia Provider(s) of Mid South Anesthesia, PC all of whom are credentialed to provide anesthesia services at this health facility. I also consent to an alternative type of anesthesia, if necessary, as deemed appropriate by them. Fees and no guarantees or promises. No guarantees or promises have been made to me concerning the patient recovery and results of the treatment to be rendered to the patient. The fee(s) for this service have been explained to me and are satisfactory. SubmitDoes the patient have a legal guardian or conservator? Yes No Name of legal guardian or authorized representative?(* required)Name of corporate conservator company if applicable?Today's date:(* required) MM slash DD slash YYYY Do you wish to receive a copy of this Consent?(* required) Yes No E-mail address:(* required) By signing this form, I am freely giving my consent to allow and authorize Michael D. Vaughan, D.D.S., PLC to render any treatment necessary or advisable to my dental conditions, including any or all anesthetics and medications, for the benefit of the patient. Please sign below:(* required)Important: You consent to sign this document electronically.
